Difference between revisions of "Some notes from the CGC Bronze course"

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These are the notes I took at the 2019 CGC Bronze course. They are not meant to be complete; if you want to take the exam, read ''Bronze and Beyond''<ref>[http://www.mccullagh.biz/ John McCullagh, ''Bronze & Beyond'']</ref> or attend the course.
+
This page started with the notes [[User:TW466]] took at the 2019 CGC Bronze Theory course. They are not the syllabus or a textbook; if you want to take the exam, read ''Bronze and Beyond''<ref>[http://www.mccullagh.biz/ John McCullagh, ''Bronze & Beyond'']</ref> or attend the course.
 +
 
 +
Feel free to edit this page with any improvements or additions.
 +
 
 +
= Introduction =
 +
 
 +
== Requirements ==
 +
 
 +
* &gt; 50 solos or 20 solos + 10h including solo flying
 +
* flying test + oral test
 +
* written exam
 +
* tests within 24 months
 +
 
 +
=== Written exam ===
 +
 
 +
* 10 sections
 +
* 12 questions each
 +
* pass mark 75% / section
 +
 
 +
== X/C endorsement ==
 +
 
 +
; Requirements
 +
: soaring flights of 1h and 2h (one each), supervised
 +
 
 +
== See also ==
 +
 
 +
* BGA &quot;Laws and Rules&quot;<ref>[https://members.gliding.co.uk/laws-rules/ BGA Laws &amp; Rules]</ref>
 +
* CAA &quot;Skyway Code&quot;<ref>[https://www.caa.co.uk/General-aviation/Safety-information/The-Skyway-Code/ The Skyway Code]</ref>
 +
 
 +
= Communications =
 +
 
 +
; See also
 +
: &quot;Bronze Confuser&quot; on CGC website – not necessarily correct!
 +
 
 +
== Radio licence ==
 +
 
 +
# physical radio licensed by OfCom (previously CAA)
 +
#* also covers handheld backup used in cockpit
 +
#* different licence for ground stations
 +
# FRTOL (Flight RadioTelephony Operator's Licence)
 +
#; required to communicate with
 +
#: ATC, FIS, A/G
 +
#; ''not'' required to communicate with
 +
#:* other aircraft
 +
#:* gliding-specific channels
 +
#:* emergency channel
 +
#:* operating ground stations (except ATC, A/G)
 +
 
 +
== Range ==
 +
 
 +
* signal ≈ line-of-sight
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
! Height
 +
! Range
 +
|-
 +
| 1000 ft
 +
| 33 nm
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 ft
 +
| 75 nm
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
Generally, \[
 +
\frac{\text{horizon distance}}{\text{nm}} \approx \frac{\sqrt{\text{altitude}}}{\text{ft}}
 +
\]
 +
 
 +
== Phraseology ==
 +
 
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>standard: CAP413 Radiotelephony Manual</li>
 +
<li><p>at gliding sites, make traffic calls, e.g.</p>
 +
<pre class="example">GRL Traffic
 +
Glider ___
 +
Downwind R/H
 +
Rwy 04
 +
GRL
 +
Gear Fixed  (ref:gearfixed)
 +
</pre>
 +
The ''&quot;Gear Fixed&quot;'' call is GRL-specific.</li>
 +
<li><p>use &quot;hundred&quot; and &quot;thousand&quot; for altitudes only (except QNH 1000!)</p></li></ul>
 +
 
 +
=== Call signs ===
 +
 
 +
; gliders
 +
: prefix &quot;Glider&quot;
 +
; ''gliding'' airfields
 +
: suffix &quot;Base&quot;
 +
;* e.g. &quot;Gransden Lodge Base&quot; – '''not''' &quot;Radio&quot;
 +
; vehicles
 +
: suffix &quot;Mobile&quot;
 +
;* e.g. car towing glider DM is &quot;DM Mobile&quot;
 +
 
 +
== Gliding channels ==
 +
 
 +
* 8.33 kHz channels are '''not''' frequencies
 +
** documents saying e.g. &quot;129.9 ''MHz''&quot; are frequencies, '''not''' channels
 +
* gliding-specific channels do not require a FRTOL (table [[#tab:gliding-channels|1]])
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
! Channel
 +
! Use
 +
|-
 +
| 129.905
 +
| ground retrieval, shared with other air sports
 +
|-
 +
| 129.980
 +
| situational awareness; (Common Glider Field Frequency<ref>control within 10 nm &amp; 3000 ft of specific airfields</ref>)
 +
|-
 +
| 130.105
 +
| situational awareness; competition start/finish
 +
|-
 +
| 130.130
 +
| cross-country training; competition start/finish
 +
|-
 +
| 130.405
 +
| cloud flying; other situational awareness
 +
|-
 +
| 131.280
 +
| CGC own frequency (not on map, but is on frequency reference card)
 +
|-
 +
| 135.480
 +
| [[#SafetyCom|2.8]] (not gliding-specific)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
=== 130.405 (cloud flying) annoucements ===
 +
 
 +
; on entering cloud
 +
: call sign, altitude (QNH), position
 +
; inside cloud
 +
: altitude at 500 ft intervals
 +
; on leaving cloud
 +
: clear of cloud
 +
 
 +
== Mayday ==
 +
 
 +
Re-tune to 121.5 if time (London Centre / Distress and Diversion, telephone: 01489 612691).
 +
 
 +
=== Mayday relay ===
 +
 
 +
* note all Mayday details when heard
 +
* retransmit on 121.5
 +
* maintain radio silence
 +
 
 +
== ATSUs ==
 +
 
 +
; ATZ transit
 +
: &quot;request zone transit&quot;
 +
; landing
 +
: &quot;request join&quot;
 +
 
 +
== Cambridge Letter of Agreement ==
 +
 
 +
* within 4–5 nm + extra sectors
 +
* position reports '''required'''
 +
 
 +
== SafetyCom (135.480) <span id="SafetyCom"></span> ==
 +
 
 +
* within 10 nm and 2000 ft of &quot;unattended&quot; airfields
 +
* callsign e.g. &quot;Borton Traffic&quot;
 +
 
 +
== Signal square and light signals ==
 +
 
 +
* see Skyway Code
 +
* light signals in slides
 +
* international standard (Chicago Convention)
 +
 
 +
= Human Factors and Performance =
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+ IMSAFE checklist
 +
| I
 +
| Illness
 +
|-
 +
| M
 +
| Medication (e.g. antihistamines sedate!)
 +
|-
 +
| S
 +
| Stress
 +
|-
 +
| A
 +
| Alcohol / drugs
 +
|-
 +
| F
 +
| Fatigue, flying currency
 +
|-
 +
| E
 +
| Eating (target: 50g/h carbs)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Physiology ==
 +
 
 +
* effective scanning: organised, short, regular spacing
 +
* by default: eyes focus at 1–2m
 +
* no flying with a cold – damage to eardrums/sinuses
 +
* cloud flying: trust instruments over senses/body signals
 +
** in a turn, inner-ear semicircular canals &quot;reset&quot;, it seems straight and level after a while even though it isn't
 +
* motion sickness: mismatch between visual signals and signals from semicircular canals
 +
* <math display="inline">\approx \frac{1}{200}</math> people overly sensitive to negative G (babies especially)
 +
** babies learn eventually and get used to it, but very sensitive early on
 +
** people go head back, stick forward to back and lock up – dangerous!
 +
 
 +
== Respiration, oxygen and altitude ==
 +
 
 +
* hyperventilation: too little CO<sub>2</sub>!
 +
** light-headed, reduced consciousness
 +
** confused with hypoxia – similar symptoms
 +
** technically, excess oxygen
 +
* oxygen makes &quot;dismantling&quot; glucose for energy efficient
 +
** aerobic respiration – oxygen as final e<sup>–</sup> acceptor
 +
* blood oxygen: ≥ 90% of haemoglobin with oxygen is healthy
 +
** at 8000m: expect ≈ 60%
 +
* oxygen OK until ≈ 10000 ft, hypoxia above
 +
** hard to recognise – look at pressure gauge etc
 +
** pulse oximeter?
 +
* BGA mountain guide: use O<sub>2</sub> by 3800m / 12000 ft
 +
** generally: set D5 (5000 ft floor)
 +
** exam: above 10000 ft, use oxygen
 +
* CO<sub>2</sub>: occupies haemoglobin, 5× more likely than oxygen
 +
** undetectable except with specific detector
 +
* nitrogen insoluble in blood, only soluble by overpressure
 +
** get &quot;the bends&quot; from rapid decompression, e.g. in wave flying
 +
** rare, but happens
 +
 
 +
== Alcohol ==
 +
 
 +
* metabolise 1 unit/h
 +
* small amount: wait 8h before flying
 +
 
 +
== Dehydration ==
 +
 
 +
* insidious, also on cool days
 +
* on cold days, blood goes into central core of body, making it seem like there's too much fluid ⇒ drink more than seemingly needed!
 +
 
 +
= Air Law =
 +
 
 +
* UK law ≈ EU law ≈ ICAO framework
 +
* EASA regulation through manufacturers for G-reg aircraft
 +
** exceptions: old BGA system (&quot;Annex II / Annex I aircraft&quot;)
 +
* SERA: ''Standard European Rules of the Air''
 +
** variations in the UK, e.g. class D airspace VMC minima<ref>[https://www.caa.co.uk/sera SERA]</ref>
 +
* need and EASA licence and medical for G-registered aircraft after 2020-04-08
 +
* &quot;PART-gliding&quot; → &quot;Sailplane Rule Book&quot; – unfinished EASA regs
 +
* on the exam, assume:
 +
** gliders are EASA/G-registered
 +
** pilots are flying on BGA Bronze / XC endorsement
 +
** SERA + UK amendments + BGA Laws &amp; Rules apply
 +
* CAP393: ANO &amp; RotA for non-EASA '''powered''' aircraft
 +
 
 +
== Regulations ==
 +
 
 +
* &quot;SERA, ANO and RotA – Consolidation&quot;<ref>[https://www.caa.co.uk/sera SERA]</ref>
 +
* Skyway Code<ref>[https://www.caa.co.uk/General-aviation/Safety-information/The-Skyway-Code/ The Skyway Code]</ref> (mainly power)
 +
* ''Bronze and Beyond'',<ref>[http://www.mccullagh.biz/ John McCullagh, ''Bronze &amp; Beyond'']</ref> edition ≥ 20
 +
* BGA Laws &amp; Rules<ref>[https://members.gliding.co.uk/laws-rules/ BGA Laws &amp; Rules]</ref>
 +
** &quot;operating regulations&quot;
 +
** &quot;managing flying risk&quot;
 +
 
 +
== NOTAMs ==
 +
 
 +
; AIPs<ref name="ais">[https://ais.org.uk/ AIS]</ref>
 +
: authoritative data on danger areas, wave windows, etc. (sometimes useful)
 +
; AICs<ref name="ais" />
 +
: flight safety, technology, legislation, etc.
 +
 
 +
Before every flight, must check (EASA &amp; Bronze rules):
 +
 
 +
* weather
 +
* NOTAMs
 +
* aircraft airworthiness
 +
* documents including ARC
 +
 
 +
== Right of way ==
 +
 
 +
* approaching head-on: both turn right
 +
* overtake on the right, except gliders may overtake '''each other''' on either side
 +
* ridge soaring rules: see below
 +
* &quot;on the right, in the right&quot;, '''but''':
 +
** hierarchy: balloons &gt; gliders &gt; airships &gt; aerotow combinations &gt; powered aircraft
 +
** &quot;impaired maneuverability&quot; has right of way (e.g. emergency)
 +
** always pass behind, not over/under/in front
 +
* no formation flying except by prior agreement
 +
 
 +
== Ridges ==
 +
 
 +
* glider with ridge on the right has the right of way and doesn't alter course
 +
* if you have the ridge on your left, fly further out
 +
* usually turn away from ridge, overtake very carefully
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==

Revision as of 23:53, 13 March 2019

This page started with the notes User:TW466 took at the 2019 CGC Bronze Theory course. They are not the syllabus or a textbook; if you want to take the exam, read Bronze and Beyond[1] or attend the course.

Feel free to edit this page with any improvements or additions.

Introduction

Requirements

  • > 50 solos or 20 solos + 10h including solo flying
  • flying test + oral test
  • written exam
  • tests within 24 months

Written exam

  • 10 sections
  • 12 questions each
  • pass mark 75% / section

X/C endorsement

Requirements
soaring flights of 1h and 2h (one each), supervised

See also

  • BGA "Laws and Rules"[2]
  • CAA "Skyway Code"[3]

Communications

See also
"Bronze Confuser" on CGC website – not necessarily correct!

Radio licence

  1. physical radio licensed by OfCom (previously CAA)
    • also covers handheld backup used in cockpit
    • different licence for ground stations
  2. FRTOL (Flight RadioTelephony Operator's Licence)
    required to communicate with
    ATC, FIS, A/G
    not required to communicate with
    • other aircraft
    • gliding-specific channels
    • emergency channel
    • operating ground stations (except ATC, A/G)

Range

  • signal ≈ line-of-sight
Height Range
1000 ft 33 nm
2000 ft 75 nm

Generally, \[ \frac{\text{horizon distance}}{\text{nm}} \approx \frac{\sqrt{\text{altitude}}}{\text{ft}} \]

Phraseology

  • standard: CAP413 Radiotelephony Manual

  • at gliding sites, make traffic calls, e.g.

    GRL Traffic
Glider ___
Downwind R/H
Rwy 04
GRL
Gear Fixed  (ref:gearfixed)
    The "Gear Fixed" call is GRL-specific.

  • use "hundred" and "thousand" for altitudes only (except QNH 1000!)

Call signs

gliders
prefix "Glider"
gliding airfields
suffix "Base"
  • e.g. "Gransden Lodge Base" – not "Radio"
vehicles
suffix "Mobile"
  • e.g. car towing glider DM is "DM Mobile"

Gliding channels

  • 8.33 kHz channels are not frequencies
    • documents saying e.g. "129.9 MHz" are frequencies, not channels
  • gliding-specific channels do not require a FRTOL (table 1)
Channel Use
129.905 ground retrieval, shared with other air sports
129.980 situational awareness; (Common Glider Field Frequency[4])
130.105 situational awareness; competition start/finish
130.130 cross-country training; competition start/finish
130.405 cloud flying; other situational awareness
131.280 CGC own frequency (not on map, but is on frequency reference card)
135.480 2.8 (not gliding-specific)

130.405 (cloud flying) annoucements

on entering cloud
call sign, altitude (QNH), position
inside cloud
altitude at 500 ft intervals
on leaving cloud
clear of cloud

Mayday

Re-tune to 121.5 if time (London Centre / Distress and Diversion, telephone: 01489 612691).

Mayday relay

  • note all Mayday details when heard
  • retransmit on 121.5
  • maintain radio silence

ATSUs

ATZ transit
"request zone transit"
landing
"request join"

Cambridge Letter of Agreement

  • within 4–5 nm + extra sectors
  • position reports required

SafetyCom (135.480)

  • within 10 nm and 2000 ft of "unattended" airfields
  • callsign e.g. "Borton Traffic"

Signal square and light signals

  • see Skyway Code
  • light signals in slides
  • international standard (Chicago Convention)

Human Factors and Performance

IMSAFE checklist
I Illness
M Medication (e.g. antihistamines sedate!)
S Stress
A Alcohol / drugs
F Fatigue, flying currency
E Eating (target: 50g/h carbs)

Physiology

  • effective scanning: organised, short, regular spacing
  • by default: eyes focus at 1–2m
  • no flying with a cold – damage to eardrums/sinuses
  • cloud flying: trust instruments over senses/body signals
    • in a turn, inner-ear semicircular canals "reset", it seems straight and level after a while even though it isn't
  • motion sickness: mismatch between visual signals and signals from semicircular canals
  • [math]\approx \frac{1}{200}[/math] people overly sensitive to negative G (babies especially)
    • babies learn eventually and get used to it, but very sensitive early on
    • people go head back, stick forward to back and lock up – dangerous!

Respiration, oxygen and altitude

  • hyperventilation: too little CO2!
    • light-headed, reduced consciousness
    • confused with hypoxia – similar symptoms
    • technically, excess oxygen
  • oxygen makes "dismantling" glucose for energy efficient
    • aerobic respiration – oxygen as final e– acceptor
  • blood oxygen: ≥ 90% of haemoglobin with oxygen is healthy
    • at 8000m: expect ≈ 60%
  • oxygen OK until ≈ 10000 ft, hypoxia above
    • hard to recognise – look at pressure gauge etc
    • pulse oximeter?
  • BGA mountain guide: use O2 by 3800m / 12000 ft
    • generally: set D5 (5000 ft floor)
    • exam: above 10000 ft, use oxygen
  • CO2: occupies haemoglobin, 5× more likely than oxygen
    • undetectable except with specific detector
  • nitrogen insoluble in blood, only soluble by overpressure
    • get "the bends" from rapid decompression, e.g. in wave flying
    • rare, but happens

Alcohol

  • metabolise 1 unit/h
  • small amount: wait 8h before flying

Dehydration

  • insidious, also on cool days
  • on cold days, blood goes into central core of body, making it seem like there's too much fluid ⇒ drink more than seemingly needed!

Air Law

  • UK law ≈ EU law ≈ ICAO framework
  • EASA regulation through manufacturers for G-reg aircraft
    • exceptions: old BGA system ("Annex II / Annex I aircraft")
  • SERA: Standard European Rules of the Air
    • variations in the UK, e.g. class D airspace VMC minima[5]
  • need and EASA licence and medical for G-registered aircraft after 2020-04-08
  • "PART-gliding" → "Sailplane Rule Book" – unfinished EASA regs
  • on the exam, assume:
    • gliders are EASA/G-registered
    • pilots are flying on BGA Bronze / XC endorsement
    • SERA + UK amendments + BGA Laws & Rules apply
  • CAP393: ANO & RotA for non-EASA powered aircraft

Regulations

  • "SERA, ANO and RotA – Consolidation"[6]
  • Skyway Code[7] (mainly power)
  • Bronze and Beyond,[8] edition ≥ 20
  • BGA Laws & Rules[9]
    • "operating regulations"
    • "managing flying risk"

NOTAMs

AIPs[10]
authoritative data on danger areas, wave windows, etc. (sometimes useful)
AICs[10]
flight safety, technology, legislation, etc.

Before every flight, must check (EASA & Bronze rules):

  • weather
  • NOTAMs
  • aircraft airworthiness
  • documents including ARC

Right of way

  • approaching head-on: both turn right
  • overtake on the right, except gliders may overtake each other on either side
  • ridge soaring rules: see below
  • "on the right, in the right", but:
    • hierarchy: balloons > gliders > airships > aerotow combinations > powered aircraft
    • "impaired maneuverability" has right of way (e.g. emergency)
    • always pass behind, not over/under/in front
  • no formation flying except by prior agreement

Ridges

  • glider with ridge on the right has the right of way and doesn't alter course
  • if you have the ridge on your left, fly further out
  • usually turn away from ridge, overtake very carefully

References

  1. ↑ John McCullagh, Bronze & Beyond
  2. ↑ BGA Laws & Rules
  3. ↑ The Skyway Code
  4. ↑ control within 10 nm & 3000 ft of specific airfields
  5. ↑ SERA
  6. ↑ SERA
  7. ↑ The Skyway Code
  8. ↑ John McCullagh, Bronze & Beyond
  9. ↑ BGA Laws & Rules
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 AIS
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